network

Bridge Protocol Data Unit (BPDU)

Zainub Wahid BPDU, Bridge Protocol Data Unit, IP Addresses, IP Addressing, LAN, network, Network ID, Network Layer, Network Topology, networking, Spanning Tree Protocol, STP, switch 2 Comments

Every network device starts communicating with other network device after making sure the other device is on and is working fully. But, how a network device can make sure other device is responsive? Network devices check other devices by sending Hello packets. Other devices after receiving Hello packets send Acknowledgement packets. Network devices usually transmit Hello packets after every few seconds. Continue reading →

Difference Between OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Reference Model

Zainub Wahid IP Addresses, network, Network Layer, OSI Model, OSI Reference Model, Physical Layer, Presentation Layer, TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer Leave a comment

Before moving towards the Difference of these two important models, question is, What is OSI Model and What is TCP/IP Model?

I already have discussed these two models in detail in my previous posts. Kindly visit, OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP Reference Model for understanding these two models in detail.

Lets start noting down all differences between these two models: Continue reading →

OSI Reference Model

Zainub Wahid Application Layer, Data Link Layer, network, Network Layer, networking, OSI Model, OSI Reference Model, Physical Layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer 28 Comments

A user from one country sends request and Google web search engine opens it for you, if net is connected to the PC. Have you ever wondered how all this is happening? NO? Mostly people don’t bother how things are happening around us. But Network Engineers do care about how communication is happening between two devices. And the best answer is “Understand OSI Reference Model”.
Let’s suppose we have small network and PC wants to communicate with Server.
11 Continue reading →

TCP/IP Reference Model

Zainub Wahid Application Layer, Data Link Layer, IP, network, Network Layer, networking, TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer 1 Comment

TCP/IP is the most pervasively used networking protocol in the history of networking. TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol and IP stands for Internet Protocol. Every network built using any networking product today supports TCP/IP.

A networking model, sometimes also called either a networking architecture or networking blueprint. A protocol is a set of logical rules that devices must follow to communicate. The TCP/IP model both defines and references a large collection of protocols that allow computers to communicate. To define a protocol, TCP/IP uses documents called Requests For Comments (RFC). Continue reading →

Networking Devices

Zainub Wahid broadcast, hub, modem, multicast, network, networking, networking devices, repeater, router, switch, unicast 2 Comments

Networking devices also known as Networking Hardware or networking equipment. There is no fixed word for them and you can call whatever you want! You must have heard names of many networking devices like Router, Switch, Hub, etc. In this post we will discuss some of these networking devices and their purposes.

First, let me tell you that all these networking devices have same meaning but have different purposes. All these devices are meant to forward the data coming from host device to destination device. Continue reading →

Basics of Networking

Zainub Wahid Bus Topology, Connectivity, LAN, MAN, Mesh Topology, network, Network Topology, networking, PAN, Ring Topology, Star Topology, WLAN 1 Comment

Wait for a minute and think about the definition of network! Many you will be thinking:
“Communication between two computers”
“Transferring data from one computer to other computer”
“Connecting two Computers or devices”

All of these are WRONG! Repeat the above mentioned definitions and then concentrate on words. Give 3 seconds to every word and then tell me one thing! Continue reading →